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Diagram of an Incidence Geometry

The diagram of a firm, residually connected, flag--transitive geometry Gamma is a complete graph K, whose vertices are the elements of the set of types I of Gamma, provided with some additional structure which is further described as follows. To each vertex i in I, we attach the order s_i which is | Gamma_F | - 1 where F is any flag of type I\{ i }, and the number n_i of elements of type i of Gamma. To every edge { i, j } of K, we associate three positive integers d_(ij), g_(ij) and d_(ji) where g_(ij) (the gonality) is equal to half the girth of the incidence graph of a residue Gamma_F of type { i, j }, and d_(ij) (resp. d_(ji)), the i--diameter (resp. j--diameter) is the greatest distance from some fixed i--element (resp. j--element) to any other element in Gamma_F.

On a picture of the diagram, this structure will often be depicted as follows.

i  d_ij  g_ij  d_ji  j
O--------------------O
s_i-1            s_j-1
n_i                n_j

Moreover, when g_(ij) = d_(ij) = d_(ji) = n != 2, we only write g_(ij) and if n = 2, we do not draw the edge { i, j }.

Diagram(D) : IncGeom -> GrphUnd, GrphVertSet, GrphEdgeSet
Given a firm, residually connected and flag--transitive incidence geometry D, return a complete graph K whose vertices and edges are labelled in the following way. Every vertex i of K is labelled with a sequence of two positive integers, the first one being s_i and the second one being the number of elements of type i in D. Every edge { i, j } is labelled with a sequence of three positive integers which are respectively d_(ij), g_(ij) and d_(ji).

This function is not yet implemented for coset geometries. But once again, we can convert a coset geometry into an incidence geometry and then compute its diagram.


Example IncidenceGeometry_diagram (H96E9)

Back to the Petersen graph : let us now explore a little more the first incidence geometry we constructed. Suppose that ig is the rank two incidence geometry corresponding to the Petersen graph. We may test whether it is firm, residually connected and flag--transitive.

> IsFirm(ig);
true
> IsRC(ig);
true
> IsFTGeometry(ig);
true

Since it satisfies these three properties, we can compute its diagram.

> d, v, e := Diagram(ig); 
> d;
Graph
Vertex  Neighbours

1       2 ;
2       1 ;
> for x in v do print x, Label(x);end for;
1 [ 1, 10 ]
2 [ 2, 15 ]
> for x in e do print x, Label(x);end for;
{1, 2} [ 5, 5, 6 ]

We thus see that the diagram of ig can be drawn as follows.

1      5  5  6      2
O-------------------O
1                   2
10                 15

Example IncidenceGeometry_diagram (H96E10)

Back to the cube: let ig be the rank three incidence geometry of the cube as constructed above and compute its diagram.

> cube := IncidenceGeometry(g);
> d, v, e := Diagram(cube);
> d;
Graph
Vertex  Neighbours

1       2 3 ;
2       1 3 ;
3       1 2 ;

> for x in v do x, Label(x); end for;
1 [ 1, 8 ]
2 [ 1, 12 ]
3 [ 1, 6 ]
> for x in e do x, Label(x); end for;
{1, 2} [ 4, 4, 4 ]
{1, 3} [ 2, 2, 2 ]
{2, 3} [ 3, 3, 3 ]

So the diagram can be depicted as follows.

1         4         2         3         3
O-------------------O-------------------O
1                   1                   1
8                  12                   6

Example IncidenceGeometry_diagram (H96E11)

Back to the Hoffman-Singleton graph : let ig be the rank two incidence geometry of the Hoffman-Singleton graph as constructed above and compute its diagram.

> ig := IncidenceGeometry(HoffmanSingletonGraph());
> d, v, e := Diagram(ig);
> d;
Graph
Vertex  Neighbours

1       2 ;
2       1 ;

> for x in v do print x, Label(x); end for;
1 [ 1, 50 ]
2 [ 6, 175 ]
> for x in e do print x, Label(x); end for;
{1, 2} [ 5, 5, 6 ]

So the diagram can be depicted as follows.

1      5  5  6      2
O-------------------O
1                   6
50                175

Example IncidenceGeometry_diagram (H96E12)

Back to Neumaier's geometry : let ig be the rank four incidence geometry of Neumaier, as described above and compute its diagram.


> gr := Graph<10|
> {1,2},{1,5},{1,6},{2,7},{2,3},{3,8},{3,4},{4,9},{4,5},{5,10},
> {6,8},{8,10},{10,7},{7,9},{9,6}>;
> ig := IncidenceGeometry(gr);
> aut := AutomorphismGroup(ig);
> n := NormalSubgroups(aut);
> X1 := VertexSet(gr);
> g := CompleteGraph(50);
> e := EdgeSet(gr);
> ebis := [];
> for x in EdgeSet(gr) do
> for i := 1 to 50 do
> for j := i+1 to 50 do
> if VertexSet(gr)!i in x then
> if VertexSet(gr)!j in x then
> Append( ebis,[i,j]);
> end if;
> end if;
> end for;
> end for;
> end for;
> for i := 1 to #ebis do
> RemoveEdge( g,ebis[i][1],ebis[i][2]);
> end for;
> c := Clique(g,15);
> cbis := [];
> for i := 1 to 50 do
> if (VertexSet(gr)!i in c) then Append( cbis,i); end if;
> end for;
> c := Set(cbis);
> X2 := Orbit(n[2]`subgroup,c);
> X2 := SetToSequence(X2);
> e := [];
> for i := 1 to 50 do
> for j := 1 to 50 do
> if X1!i in Neighbours(X1!j) then Append( e,{i,j+50}); end if;
> end for;
> end for;
> for i :=1 to 50 do
> for j := 1 to 50 do
> if not(i in X2[j]) then Append( e,{i,j+100});end if;
> end for;
> end for;
> for i :=1 to 50 do
> for j := 1 to 50 do
> if i in X2[j] then Append( e,{i,j+150});end if;
> end for;
> end for;
> for i :=1 to 50 do
> for j := 1 to 50 do
> if i in X2[j] then Append( e,{i+50,j+100});end if;
> end for;
> end for;
> for i :=1 to 50 do
> for j := 1 to 50 do
> if not(i in X2[j]) then Append( e,{i+50,j+150});end if;
> end for;
> end for;
> for i :=1 to 50 do
> for j := 1 to 50 do
> if X2[i] meet X2[j] eq {} then Append( e,{i+100,j+150});end if;
> end for;
> end for;
> gr2 := Graph<200|Set(e)>;
> v := VertexSet(gr2);
> labs := [i: j in {1..50}, i in {1..4}];
> AssignLabels(v,labs);
> neumaier := IncidenceGeometry(gr2);
> d, v, e := Diagram(neumaier);
> d; Graph Vertex Neighbours 1 2 3 4 ; 2 1 3 4 ; 3 1 2 4 ; 4 1 2 3 ;
> for x in v do print x, Label(x); end for; 1 [ 2, 50 ] 2 [ 2, 50 ] 3 [ 2, 50 ] 4 [ 2, 50 ]
> for x in e do print x, Label(x); end for; {1, 2} [ 4, 4, 4 ] {1, 3} [ 2, 2, 2 ] {1, 4} [ 3, 3, 3 ] {2, 3} [ 3, 3, 3 ] {2, 4} [ 2, 2, 2 ] {3, 4} [ 4, 4, 4 ]

So the diagram can be depicted as follows.

.      1        4        2
.  2   O-----------------O 2
.  50  |                 | 50
.      |                 |
.      |                 |
.    3 |                 | 3
.      |                 |
.      |                 |
.      |        4        |
.    3 O-----------------O 4
.      2                 2
.     50                50
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